The path of my parents, the Gra, Musar, and Rav Shach.
Belief in God is rational. Everything has a cause. So unless there is a first cause, then you would have an infinite regress. And then nothing could exist. Therefore there must be a first cause. Therefore God, the first cause, exists. QED.
29.5.26
הייתי בדרכי לחוף הים ובחזרה ממנו וכמה מחשבות עלו בדעתי. יש שני חוקים ברמב"ם, ( ה' יבום פרק ג', הלכה ד'.) ( ה' תרומה פרק ח' הלכה י''ד.) אחד על אישה לא נשואה ששכבה עם מישהו. היא והוא אומרים שהילד ממנו. למרות זאת, זה בספק; כי בדיוק כמו שהיא קיימה איתו יחסי מין, היא אולי קיימה יחסי מין עם אחרים. אבל כשאישה קיימה יחסי מין עם כהן, אנחנו אומרים שהילד ממנו, והיא יכולה לאכול תרומה. [אפילו אישה ישראלית שיש לה בן זכר מכהן יכולה לאכול תרומה.] במקרה השני, היא לא אומרת כלום. אבל אנחנו מניחים שהילד מהכהן כי אנשים אומרים את זה. אני חושב שזה מתיישב עם ר' שמואל רוזובסקי שבית הדין פוסק לפי רוב. במקרה הראשון היא אולי קיימה יחסי מין עם אחרים, וזה נחשב לכל מי שנמצא באזור (דיימא מעלמא). זה רוב. לכן, אנו הולכים לפי רוב, ואומרים שהאב אינו ידוע. אבל במקרה השני, רוב האנשים אומרים שהכהן הוא האב, ולכן אנו הולכים לפי זה, ואומרים שזה ודאי שהוא האב. בשני המקרים, נראה שהרמב"ם לא שם לב למה שהיא אומרת. במקרה הראשון היא אומרת שהילד הוא מאדם מסוים, ואנחנו מתעלמים מהטענה הזו. במקרה השני, היא לא אומרת כלום, ואנחנו בכל מקרה אומרים שהילד הוא מהכהן. [אבל ייתכן שהרמב"ם היה שם לב לטענתה אם לא היה רוב נגדה.] אני לא זוכר את הניסוח המדויק של הרמב"ם כאן, אבל אני בטוח שהוא מזכיר חזקה בשני המקרים. אני חושב שניתן להבין מהרמב"ם שאם תהיה חזקה שתתמוך בטענתה, נלך לפיה כמו תוספות בכתובות כ''ו. ייתכן גם שנלך לפי טענתה אם לא תהיה חזקה שתתמוך בה או תכחיש אותה
I was on my way to and back from the sea shore, and a few thoughts occurred to me. There are two laws in the Rambam, [Yibum, chapter 3. law 4. Truma, chapter 8, law 14 ] one about an unmarried woman who had sex with someone. She and he say the child is from him. Even so, this is doubtful; because just like she had sex with him, she might have had sex with others. But, when a woman had sex with a kohen, we say the child is from him, and she can eat truma. [Even a Israeli woman who has a male child from a kohen can eat truma.] In this second case, she says nothing. But we assume the child is from the kohen because people are saying so. I think this goes along with Rav Shmuel Rozovski [first rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Ponovitch] that the court goes by a majority. In the first case, she might have had sex with others, and that is considered to mean anyone in the general area. That is a majority. Therefore, we go by the majority, and say the father is unknown. But in the second case, most people say the kohen is the father, and so we go by that, and we say it is certain that he is the father. In both cases, the Rambam does not appear to pay any attention to what she says. In the first case she says the child is from a particular person, and we ignore that claim. In the second case, she says nothing, and we say anyway the child is from the kohen. [But it is possible the Rambam would pay attention to her claim if there was not a majority against it.] I do not recall the exact language of the Rambam here, but I am sure that he mentions about a status quo in both cases. I think that it might be understood from the Rambam that if there would be a status quo to support her claim, we would go by that like Tosphot in Ketuboth page 26. It also might be that we would go by her claim if there would be no status quo to support or deny it. [I do not know all this on my own. I understood some of this after looking at the ideas of Rav Shach and Rav Rozovski of Yeshivat Ponovitch on Ketuboth page 22 side b.]----------------------------I was on my way to and back from the sea shore and a few thoughts occurred to me. There are two laws in the רמב''ם . One about an unmarried woman who had sex with someone. She and he say the child is from him. Even so, this is doubtful; because just like she had sex with him, she might have had sex with others. But when a woman had sex with a כהן we say the child is from him, and she can eat תרומה. [Even a Israeli woman who has a male child from a כהן can eatתרומה .] In this second case, she says nothing. But we assume the child is from the כהן because people are saying so. I think this goes along with ר' שמואל רוזובסקי that the court goes by a רוב. In the first case she might have had sex with others, and that is considered to mean anyone in the general area. That is a רוב. Therefore, we go by the רוב, and say the father is unknown. But in the second case, most people say the כהן is the father, and so we go by that, and we say it is certain that he is the father. In both cases, the רמב’’ם does not appear to pay any attention to what she says. In the first case she says the child is from a particular person, and we ignore that claim. In the second case, she says nothing, and we say anyway the child is from the כהן. [But it is possible the רמב’’ם would pay attention to her claim if there was not a רוב against it.] I do not recall the exact language of the רמב’’ם here, but I am sure that he mentions about a חזקה in both cases. I think that it might be understood from the רמב’’ם that if there would be a חזקה to support her claim, we would go by that like תוספות in כתובות page 26. It also might be that we would go by her claim if there would be no חזקה to support or deny it.
28.5.26
לפי תוספות ביבמות דף צ''ג והרשב''א בקידושין ס''ו טענת "בטוח אני" נאמנת אפילו כנגד חזקה. אבל זה נתון לוויכוחים. יש תוספות בכתובות דף כ''ו שבו תוספות אומר שרבן גמליאל החזיק מאמינים לאישה כשהיא טוענת אני בטוחה במקרה מסויים רק כאשר חזקה תומכת בה. יש גם מקרה שבו תוספות מחזיקים "אני בטוח" עוזרת לתביעה רק כשאין חזקה נגדה, או כשיש שתי חזקות שכל אחת מהן מבוטלת על ידי השניה. דוגמה למקרה האחרון היא כתובות דף כ''ב, שבו שני עדים מגיעים מחו"ל ואומרים שבעלה של אישה נפטר, ולכן היא יכולה להינשא בשנית. אבל שניים אחרים באים ואומרים שבעלה לא נפטר. אם היא נישאה לאחד העדים שאמרו שבעלה נפטר, והיא עצמה אומרת שהיא בטוחה בכך, אז היא יכולה להישאר נשואה. במקרה זה ישנם שתי חזקות שמבטלות זו את זו. האחת היא החזקה שהיא אישה נשואה. השניה היא החזקה שאישה תמיד בודקת לפני שהיא מתחתנת
According to Tosphot in Yevamot page 93 and the Rashba in Kidushin page 66 a claim of "I am sure" is believed even against a status quo. But this is subject to argument. There is a Tosphot in Ketuboth page 26 where Tosphot says that Raban Gamliel held the woman is believed when she claims "I am sure" in a certain case only when a status quo supports her. There is also a case in which Tosphot [Ketuboth page 22B] holds “I am sure” only helps a claim when there is no status quo against it, or when there are two statuses, each one of which is cancelled by the other. An example of the last case is Ketuboth page 22 where two witnesses come from abroad and say a woman's husband had died, and thus, she can remarry. But two others come, and say her husband did not die. If she married one of the witnesses that said her husband died, and she herself says she is sure, then she can stay married. In this case there are two status quos that cancel out each other. One is he status as a married woman. The other is the status that a woman always checks before she gets married.-----------------------------------------According to תוספות in יבמות page צ''ג and the רשב''א in קידושין page 66 a claim of "I am sure" is believed even against a חזקה. But this is subject to argument. There is a תוספות in כתובות page כ''ו where תוספות says that רבן גמליאל held the woman is believed when she claims I am sure in a certain case only when a חזקה supports her. There is also a case in which תוספות holds “I am sure” only helps a claim when there is no חזקה against it, or when there are two statuses, each one of which is cancelled by the other. An example of the last case is כתובות page 22 where two witnesses come from abroad and says a woman's husband had died, and thus, she can remarry. But two others come and say her husband did not die. If she married one of the witnesses that said her husband died, and she herself says she is sure, then she can stay married. In this case there are two status quos that cancel out each other. One is he status as a married woman. The other is the status that a woman always checks before she gets married.
כתובות כ"ב ע"ב. רמב"ם הלכות גירושין פרק י"ב, דין י"ט
ישנה כנראה סתירה במצב של מי שאומר "אני יודע". (כתובות כ"ב ע"ב. רמב"ם הלכות גירושין פרק י"ב, דין י"ט). ה"נודע ביהודה" אומר ש"אני יודע" יכול להיות אמין עבור האדם עצמו, אך לא עבור אחרים. הראש ישיבה הראשון של פונובץ' ר' רוזובסקי חולק על כך. הוא אומר ש"אני יודע" עוזר נגד הסטטוס קוו (חזקה), אך לא נגד רוב. מקרה אחד הוא שאישה לא נשואה קיימה יחסי מין וילדה. היא והגבר אומרים שהילד שלו. למרות זאת, אם הוא נשוי ואז מת ללא ילדים אחרים, אנו אומרים שאשתו מקבלת חליצה, לא ייבום, כי למעשה הילד יכול להיות שלו [ולכן היא לא צריכה חליצה ולא יבום]. אבל אולי הילד אינו שלו, ולכן היא זקוקה ליבום או חליצה. אולם בדין אחר, אם אישה קיימה יחסי מין עם כהן וילדה בן זכר, היא יכולה לאכול תרומה. הנודע ביהודה נותן תשובה שהר' רוזובסקי מוצא בעייתית. במקום זאת, הוא אומר שהמקרה שבו יש ספק אם קיימה יחסי מין עם אחרים הוא כאשר היה רוב של אנשים בסביבה שאיתם ייתכן קיימה יחסי מין. אבל "אני יודע" כנגד חזקה, נאמן [כפי שאומר תוספות וגם הרשב"א]. אין לי מה להוסיף על כך מלבד לציין שמבחינת נושאים כספיים, ל"אני יודע" יש אמינות במידה מסוימת לפי בבא מציעא צ''ז ע''ב, שבה יש ויכוח אם "אני בטוח" נאמן כנגד "אולי" אפילו כנגד חזקה. ברי ושמא ברי עדיף. (החוק הוא שלא מאמינים ברי.) זה לא רק למי שאומר כך. כמו כן, באופן כללי, אנו אומרים שעד אחד נאמן באיסורים, אלא אם כן האיסור נקבע. אמינות זו חלה על אחרים, לא רק על האדם עצמו
There is what looks like a contradiction if a person says, ''I know''. (Ketuboth page 22b. Rambam laws of divorce chapter 12, law 19) The Noda BeYehuda says, “I know” has believability for the person himself, but not for others. The first rosh yeshiva of Ponovitch, Rav Shmuel Rozovski disagrees with this. He says I know helps against status quo, but not against a majority. One case is a unmarried woman had sex and gave birth. She and the man say the child is his. Even so, if he is married and then dies with no other children, we say his wife gets halitza, not yibum, because in fact the child might be his [and therefore she needs neither halitza nor yibum]. But perhaps the child is not his and therefore she requires yibum, [since in this case he died without any children.] However, if a woman had sex with a kohen and gave birth to a male child, she can east truma. The Noda BeYehuda gives an answer that Rav Rozovski [of Yeshivat Ponovitch] finds problematic. Instead, says the case where there is doubt if perhaps she had sex with others is where there was a majority of people around in which she might have had sex with. But in terms of “I know” against status quo that is believed [as one Tosphot says in one place and the Rashba also.] I have nothing to add to this except to make a note that in terms of monetary issues, “I know” does have believability to some degree as per Bava Metzia where there is an argument if “I am sure” is believed against “perhaps” is believed even against status quo. (The law is he is not believed.) That is not just for the one who says so. Also, in general we say one witnesses is believed in terms of prohibitions unless the prohibition is established. That believability applies to others, not just to the person himself.-------------------------------------There is what looks like a contradiction if a person says, ''I know''. (כתובות page כ''ב ע''ב. רמב''ם laws of divorce chapter י''ב, law י''ט) The נודע ביהודה says, “I know” has believability for the person himself, but not for others. The first ראש ישיבה of פונובץ' רוזובסקי disagrees with this. He says "I know" helps against status quo, but not against a majority. One case is a unmarried woman had sex and gave birth. She and the man say the child is his. Even so, if he is married and then dies with no other children, we say his wife gets חליצה, not יבום, because in fact the child might be his [and therefore she needs neither חליצה nor יבום]. But perhaps the child is not his and therefore she requires יבום, [since in this case he died without any children.] However, if a woman had sex with a כהן and gave birth to a male child, she can eat תרומה. The נודע ביהודה gives an answer that ר' רוזובסקי finds problematic. Instead, says the case where there is doubt if maybe she had sex with others is where there was a majority of people around in which she might have had sex with. But in terms of “I know” against status quo that is believed [as one תוספות says in one place and the רשב''א also.] I have nothing to add to this except to make a note that in terms of monetary issues, “I know” does have believability to some degree as per בבא מציעא צ''ז ע''ב where there is an argument if “I am sure” is believed against “perhaps” is believed even against חזקה. ברי ושמא ברי עדיף The law is he is not believed.) That is not just for the one who says so. Also, in general we say one witnesses is believed in terms of prohibitions unless the prohibition is established. That believability applies to others, not just to the person himself.
26.5.26
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